, Veit F, Kwapiszewska G, et al. Inducible NOS inhibition reverses tobacco-smoke-induced emphysema and pulmonary hypertension in mice. Cell 147: 293305. 36. Honda Y, Takahashi H, Kuroki Y, Akino T, Abe S Decreased contents of surfactant proteins A and D in BAL fluids of wholesome smokers. Chest 109: 1006 1009. 37. Betsuyaku T, Kuroki Y, Nagai K, Nasuhara Y, Nishimura M Effects of ageing and smoking on SP-A and SP-D levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Eur Respir J 24: 964970. 38. Atochina-Vasserman EN, Beers MF, Kadire H, Tomer Y, Inch A, et al. Selective Inhibition of Inducible NO Synthase Activity In Vivo Reverses Inflammatory Abnormalities in Surfactant Protein D-Deficient Mice. J Immunol 179: 80908097. 9 Role of NOS2 in Sftpd Deficient Mice 39. Collins RA, Ikegami M, Korfhagen TR, Whitsett JA, Sly PD In vivo measurements of modifications in respiratory mechanics with age in mice deficient in surfactant protein D. Pediatr Res 53: 463467. 40. Kingma PS, Zhang L, Ikegami M, Hartshorn K, McCormack FX, et al. Correction of pulmonary abnormalities in Sftpd-/- mice needs the collagenous domain of surfactant protein D. J Biol Chem 281: 2449624505. 41. Zhang L, Ikegami M, Crouch EC, Korfhagen TR, Whitsett JA Activity of pulmonary surfactant protein-D in vivo is dependent on oligomeric structure. J Biol Chem 276: 1921419219. 42. Korfhagen TR, Sheftelyevich V, Burhans MS, Bruno MD, Ross GF, et al. Surfactant protein-D regulates 25837696 surfactant phospholipid homeostasis in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273: 2843828443. 43. Wright JR, Dobbs LG Regulation of pulmonary surfactant secretion and clearance. AnnuRevPhysiol 53: 395414. 44. Hantos Z, Daroczy B, Suki B, Nagy S, HIV-RT inhibitor 1 Fredberg JJ Input impedance and peripheral inhomogeneity of dog lungs. J Appl Physiol 72: 168178. 45. Hyde D, Tyler N, Putney L, Singh P, Gundersen H Total number and mean size of alveoli in mammalian lung estimated applying fractionator sampling and unbiased estimates of your Euler characteristic of alveolar openings. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 277: 216226. 46. Weibel E What makes a superb lung Swiss Med Wkly 139: 375386. ten ~~ ~~ The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is typically applied in Northeast Asian countries as a regular medicine for much more than 2000 years and has grow to be much better known in the West in the course of the past handful of decades. Therapeutic effects of ginseng including anti-neoplastic, anti-stress, and anti-oxidant activities have already been attributed mostly for the key active ingredients-ginsenosides. Much more than 180 various ginsenosides have already been identified, and they could be categorized as protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, and oleanane saponins determined by the structure in the Licochalcone-A aglycon. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 are important ginsenosides that make up far more than 80% of total ginseng ginsenosides, and minor ginsenosides that happen to be deglycosylated from the key ginsenosides exist in smaller sized amounts or are absent in ginseng. The deglycosylated minor ginsenosides have some chemical reactivity that the major ginsenosides usually do not. In addition, emerging evidence has demonstrated that the minor ginsenosides have a lot more crucial pharmaceutical effects, for example anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative, and anti-aging effects, than the glycosylated significant ginsenosides. As a minor ginsenoside, F2 accounts for less than 0.01% in raw ginseng and red ginseng , and thus isolation of F2 from organic goods is difficult. F2 has been created by way of bioconversion of PPD sort ginsenosides usi., Veit F, Kwapiszewska G, et al. Inducible NOS inhibition reverses tobacco-smoke-induced emphysema and pulmonary hypertension in mice. Cell 147: 293305. 36. Honda Y, Takahashi H, Kuroki Y, Akino T, Abe S Decreased contents of surfactant proteins A and D in BAL fluids of wholesome smokers. Chest 109: 1006 1009. 37. Betsuyaku T, Kuroki Y, Nagai K, Nasuhara Y, Nishimura M Effects of ageing and smoking on SP-A and SP-D levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Eur Respir J 24: 964970. 38. Atochina-Vasserman EN, Beers MF, Kadire H, Tomer Y, Inch A, et al. Selective Inhibition of Inducible NO Synthase Activity In Vivo Reverses Inflammatory Abnormalities in Surfactant Protein D-Deficient Mice. J Immunol 179: 80908097. 9 Function of NOS2 in Sftpd Deficient Mice 39. Collins RA, Ikegami M, Korfhagen TR, Whitsett JA, Sly PD In vivo measurements of changes in respiratory mechanics with age in mice deficient in surfactant protein D. Pediatr Res 53: 463467. 40. Kingma PS, Zhang L, Ikegami M, Hartshorn K, McCormack FX, et al. Correction of pulmonary abnormalities in Sftpd-/- mice requires the collagenous domain of surfactant protein D. J Biol Chem 281: 2449624505. 41. Zhang L, Ikegami M, Crouch EC, Korfhagen TR, Whitsett JA Activity of pulmonary surfactant protein-D in vivo is dependent on oligomeric structure. J Biol Chem 276: 1921419219. 42. Korfhagen TR, Sheftelyevich V, Burhans MS, Bruno MD, Ross GF, et al. Surfactant protein-D regulates 25837696 surfactant phospholipid homeostasis in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273: 2843828443. 43. Wright JR, Dobbs LG Regulation of pulmonary surfactant secretion and clearance. AnnuRevPhysiol 53: 395414. 44. Hantos Z, Daroczy B, Suki B, Nagy S, Fredberg JJ Input impedance and peripheral inhomogeneity of dog lungs. J Appl Physiol 72: 168178. 45. Hyde D, Tyler N, Putney L, Singh P, Gundersen H Total quantity and imply size of alveoli in mammalian lung estimated working with fractionator sampling and unbiased estimates from the Euler characteristic of alveolar openings. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 277: 216226. 46. Weibel E What tends to make a very good lung Swiss Med Wkly 139: 375386. 10 ~~ ~~ The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is normally utilised in Northeast Asian countries as a regular medicine for more than 2000 years and has become better known inside the West for the duration of the previous couple of decades. Therapeutic effects of ginseng for instance anti-neoplastic, anti-stress, and anti-oxidant activities have already been attributed mainly to the primary active ingredients-ginsenosides. More than 180 diverse ginsenosides have already been identified, and they could be categorized as protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, and oleanane saponins according to the structure of the aglycon. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 are major ginsenosides that make up a lot more than 80% of total ginseng ginsenosides, and minor ginsenosides that happen to be deglycosylated from the main ginsenosides exist in smaller sized amounts or are absent in ginseng. The deglycosylated minor ginsenosides have some chemical reactivity that the important ginsenosides do not. Additionally, emerging proof has demonstrated that the minor ginsenosides have much more critical pharmaceutical effects, for example anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative, and anti-aging effects, than the glycosylated significant ginsenosides. As a minor ginsenoside, F2 accounts for significantly less than 0.01% in raw ginseng and red ginseng , and thus isolation of F2 from organic solutions is challenging. F2 has been developed via bioconversion of PPD type ginsenosides usi.
