Ferential expression of Ctsz and Ctsb. (A) Western blot analysis revealed H. pylori-dependent induction of Ctsz expression in wt mice after 36 wpi, whereas Ctsb remains unaffected in both ctsz2/2 and wt mice. (B and C) Immunohistochemical (IHC) grading and (D ) staining of Ctsz and Ctsb of corpus mucosa from wt (D,E) and ctsz2/2 mice infected and uninfected (inserts) with H. pylori SS1. H. pylori infection significantly increased Ctsz expression in macrophages and deep glands, but only slightly in surface epithelium (p = 0.002?.008). Ctsb was predominantly expressed in surface epithelium and some macrophages with no significant changes after H. pylori infection. All box plots show 25th to 75th percentiles. The line in the box represents the median. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gThe selection of an appropriate H. pylori strain is therefore a difficult, but critical step in the experimental design. Our aim wasto investigate the influence of Ctsz-deficiency on the H. pyloridependent etiopathology in long-term experiments (severalCathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 5. Proinflammatory cytokine response. Quantitative RT-PCR for CXCL1, MCP-1, IL-1b, and IL-6 in the infected versus uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 stomachs at 24, 36, and 50 wpi. All box plots show 25th to 75th percentiles. The line in the box represents the median. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gmonths) until preneoplastic lesions develop. In our investigations, inoculation with the cagA+ strain B128 resulted in a rapid upregulation of Ctsz. Indeed, infection was not persistent longer than 24 weeks without further progression of gastritis. The SS1 strain was also able to induce Ctsz overexpression in gastric ��-Sitosterol ��-D-glucoside biological activity epithelial 1315463 and stromal cells, and showed stable colonization rates over 50 wpi with development of moderate to severe MedChemExpress BMS-5 gastritis and SPEM starting at 24 wpi. Obviously, there might be a total increase in Ctsz expression in mouse stomachs in a CagAindependent manner. Perhaps the SS1-induced increase of proinflammatory cytokines, shown by us previously in vitro and here in vivo, is responsible for the Ctsz upregulation in epithelium and macrophages [17]. The H. pylori SS1 infection is the most commonly used and the most standardized mouse model at present, and comprises all criteria needed for our experiments. However, care should be taken regarding the interpretation and 23727046 discussion of the results in the context of contributions of various cagPAI genes. Based on the findings that Ctsz has immunomodulatory properties and that it is overexpressed in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa and cancer, we used Ctsz-deficient mice to compile specific functions of this cysteine protease in the process of inflammation and premalignant epithelial changes associated with chronic H. pylori gastritis. The first key point was the analysis of the adhesion properties and persistence of H. pylori in ctsz2/2 compared to wt mice. H. pylori is known to have strong binding affinity for heparin sulphate proteoglycan, and CagL was suggested to bind via its RGD motif to integrins a5? and aV? [28,29,30]. Ctsz happened to have the same binding properties.Heparin-Ctsz interaction is specific and promotes an increase in catalytic activity. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans are related to insertion processes of Ctsz at cell surface controlling cellular adhesion processes [15]. Lechner et al. provided evidence that pro-Ctsz is capable of interacting with integrin aV? through an RGD-dependent mechanis.Ferential expression of Ctsz and Ctsb. (A) Western blot analysis revealed H. pylori-dependent induction of Ctsz expression in wt mice after 36 wpi, whereas Ctsb remains unaffected in both ctsz2/2 and wt mice. (B and C) Immunohistochemical (IHC) grading and (D ) staining of Ctsz and Ctsb of corpus mucosa from wt (D,E) and ctsz2/2 mice infected and uninfected (inserts) with H. pylori SS1. H. pylori infection significantly increased Ctsz expression in macrophages and deep glands, but only slightly in surface epithelium (p = 0.002?.008). Ctsb was predominantly expressed in surface epithelium and some macrophages with no significant changes after H. pylori infection. All box plots show 25th to 75th percentiles. The line in the box represents the median. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gThe selection of an appropriate H. pylori strain is therefore a difficult, but critical step in the experimental design. Our aim wasto investigate the influence of Ctsz-deficiency on the H. pyloridependent etiopathology in long-term experiments (severalCathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 5. Proinflammatory cytokine response. Quantitative RT-PCR for CXCL1, MCP-1, IL-1b, and IL-6 in the infected versus uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 stomachs at 24, 36, and 50 wpi. All box plots show 25th to 75th percentiles. The line in the box represents the median. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gmonths) until preneoplastic lesions develop. In our investigations, inoculation with the cagA+ strain B128 resulted in a rapid upregulation of Ctsz. Indeed, infection was not persistent longer than 24 weeks without further progression of gastritis. The SS1 strain was also able to induce Ctsz overexpression in gastric epithelial 1315463 and stromal cells, and showed stable colonization rates over 50 wpi with development of moderate to severe gastritis and SPEM starting at 24 wpi. Obviously, there might be a total increase in Ctsz expression in mouse stomachs in a CagAindependent manner. Perhaps the SS1-induced increase of proinflammatory cytokines, shown by us previously in vitro and here in vivo, is responsible for the Ctsz upregulation in epithelium and macrophages [17]. The H. pylori SS1 infection is the most commonly used and the most standardized mouse model at present, and comprises all criteria needed for our experiments. However, care should be taken regarding the interpretation and 23727046 discussion of the results in the context of contributions of various cagPAI genes. Based on the findings that Ctsz has immunomodulatory properties and that it is overexpressed in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa and cancer, we used Ctsz-deficient mice to compile specific functions of this cysteine protease in the process of inflammation and premalignant epithelial changes associated with chronic H. pylori gastritis. The first key point was the analysis of the adhesion properties and persistence of H. pylori in ctsz2/2 compared to wt mice. H. pylori is known to have strong binding affinity for heparin sulphate proteoglycan, and CagL was suggested to bind via its RGD motif to integrins a5? and aV? [28,29,30]. Ctsz happened to have the same binding properties.Heparin-Ctsz interaction is specific and promotes an increase in catalytic activity. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans are related to insertion processes of Ctsz at cell surface controlling cellular adhesion processes [15]. Lechner et al. provided evidence that pro-Ctsz is capable of interacting with integrin aV? through an RGD-dependent mechanis.
