Tly higher in patients with AoAC at baseline. In addition, compared to patients without baseline AoAC, total cholesterol, iPTH, and albumin concentrations were significantly lower, while hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in the baseline AoAC present group. Moreover, even though the proportion of smoker was significantly lower, the mean amount of smoking was significantly greater in patients with baseline AoAC. Among 224 patients (53.9 ), who performed echocardiography at baseline, the ejection fraction was significantly lower in patients with baseline AoAC compared to the baseline AoAC absent group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in peritoneal membrane transport characteristics, weekly Kt/V urea, systolic blood pressure, BMI, calcium-phosphate (Ca x P) product values, and the use of phosphate binders between the two groups.Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)139.3621.8 BMI (kg/m2) Hemoglobin 1326631 (g/dL) Total cholesterol (mg/dL) Ca 6 P product (mg2/dL2) iPTH (pg/mL) Albumin (g/dL) Log hs-CRP (mg/L) Lipid-lowering therapy, n ( ) Antihypertensive drugs, n 
( ) RAS blockers Beta-blockers Calcium channel blockers Phosphate binders, n ( ) Calcium-based Non calcium-based 88 (52.0 ) 13 (7.6 ) 128 (75.7 ) 105 (62.1 ) 107 (63.3 ) 22.663.0 9.261.4 147.7643.5 41.6612.7 138.46123.8 3.460.5 0.160.6 80 (47.3 )189 (76.8 ) 111 (45.1 ) 150 (60.9 )NS 0.03 NS NS126 (51.2 ) 19 (7.7 )Data are expressed as mean 6 standard deviation or number of patients (percent). Kt/V, fractional urea clearance; BMI, body mass index; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reative protein; RAS, Renin-angiotensin system; NS, not significant. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048793.tAssociation of Various Parameters with the Presence of AoAC at BaselineIn univariate analysis, age, diabetes mellitus, previous history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, lipid-lowering therapy, serumalbumin, 15755315 iPTH, and hs-CRP concentrations were significantly associated with the presence of AoAC at baseline. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age [odds ratio (OR): 1.101, 95 CI: 1.066?.138, P,0.001] and previous history of cardiovascular disease (OR: 2.084, 95 CI: 1.006?4.314, P = 0.048) were significant independent factors associated with the presence of AoAC at baseline.Progression of Aortic Arch Calcification in PDPresence of AoAC at Baseline as an Independent Risk Factor for order Chebulagic acid all-cause and 
Cardiovascular MortalityDuring a mean follow-up duration of 34.2620.4 months, 90 patients (21.7 ) died. Among them, 39 patients (43.3 ) died from cardiovascular causes. Both the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality-free survival rates were significantly lower in patients with baseline AoAC (1948-33-0 site log-rank test, P,0.001) (Figure 1). Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed older age, presence of diabetes and previous cardiovascular disease, usage of lipidlowering medication, increased Ca 6 P products and hs-CRP levels, decreased albumin concetrations, and presence of AoAC at baseline were significant risk factors for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In multivariate Cox analysis, the presence of baseline AoAC was revealed as a significant independent predictor of all-cause [Hazard ratio (HR): 2.181, 95 CI: 1.336?.561, P = 0.002] and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 3.582, 95 CI: 1.577?.132, P = 0.002). Previous history of cardiovascular disease and higher hs-CRP levels were also found to be independent risk fa.Tly higher in patients with AoAC at baseline. In addition, compared to patients without baseline AoAC, total cholesterol, iPTH, and albumin concentrations were significantly lower, while hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in the baseline AoAC present group. Moreover, even though the proportion of smoker was significantly lower, the mean amount of smoking was significantly greater in patients with baseline AoAC. Among 224 patients (53.9 ), who performed echocardiography at baseline, the ejection fraction was significantly lower in patients with baseline AoAC compared to the baseline AoAC absent group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in peritoneal membrane transport characteristics, weekly Kt/V urea, systolic blood pressure, BMI, calcium-phosphate (Ca x P) product values, and the use of phosphate binders between the two groups.Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)139.3621.8 BMI (kg/m2) Hemoglobin 1326631 (g/dL) Total cholesterol (mg/dL) Ca 6 P product (mg2/dL2) iPTH (pg/mL) Albumin (g/dL) Log hs-CRP (mg/L) Lipid-lowering therapy, n ( ) Antihypertensive drugs, n ( ) RAS blockers Beta-blockers Calcium channel blockers Phosphate binders, n ( ) Calcium-based Non calcium-based 88 (52.0 ) 13 (7.6 ) 128 (75.7 ) 105 (62.1 ) 107 (63.3 ) 22.663.0 9.261.4 147.7643.5 41.6612.7 138.46123.8 3.460.5 0.160.6 80 (47.3 )189 (76.8 ) 111 (45.1 ) 150 (60.9 )NS 0.03 NS NS126 (51.2 ) 19 (7.7 )Data are expressed as mean 6 standard deviation or number of patients (percent). Kt/V, fractional urea clearance; BMI, body mass index; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reative protein; RAS, Renin-angiotensin system; NS, not significant. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048793.tAssociation of Various Parameters with the Presence of AoAC at BaselineIn univariate analysis, age, diabetes mellitus, previous history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, lipid-lowering therapy, serumalbumin, 15755315 iPTH, and hs-CRP concentrations were significantly associated with the presence of AoAC at baseline. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age [odds ratio (OR): 1.101, 95 CI: 1.066?.138, P,0.001] and previous history of cardiovascular disease (OR: 2.084, 95 CI: 1.006?4.314, P = 0.048) were significant independent factors associated with the presence of AoAC at baseline.Progression of Aortic Arch Calcification in PDPresence of AoAC at Baseline as an Independent Risk Factor for All-cause and Cardiovascular MortalityDuring a mean follow-up duration of 34.2620.4 months, 90 patients (21.7 ) died. Among them, 39 patients (43.3 ) died from cardiovascular causes. Both the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality-free survival rates were significantly lower in patients with baseline AoAC (log-rank test, P,0.001) (Figure 1). Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed older age, presence of diabetes and previous cardiovascular disease, usage of lipidlowering medication, increased Ca 6 P products and hs-CRP levels, decreased albumin concetrations, and presence of AoAC at baseline were significant risk factors for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In multivariate Cox analysis, the presence of baseline AoAC was revealed as a significant independent predictor of all-cause [Hazard ratio (HR): 2.181, 95 CI: 1.336?.561, P = 0.002] and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 3.582, 95 CI: 1.577?.132, P = 0.002). Previous history of cardiovascular disease and higher hs-CRP levels were also found to be independent risk fa.
