Scotland and Wales (n = 17,638) and a further 920 immigrants with the same birth week recruited to 16y [13]. Information was collected throughout child (7, 11,16y) and adulthood (23, 33, 45, 50y). At 45y, 11,971 individuals in contact with the study were invited to a home-based clinical assessment by a nurse; the 9,377 (78 ) respondents were broadly representative of the total surviving cohort [14]. The 45y survey included questions about childhood maltreatment for which participants gave written informed consent.Ethics statementEthical approval was given by the South-East Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (MREC ref: 01/1/44).Childhood maltreatmentNeglect was measured from information collected in childhood (7y and 11y) during a homebased interview with the parent, usually the mother, and from a structured questionnaire completed by the child’s teacher. Scales (range 0?) were derived by summing five items on the child’s physical appearance and parental involvement with the child at 7y and 11y (Table 1 footnotes). If one or two of five items were missing they were imputed (see below); if >2 items were missing, the score was missing. We created binary measures using a cut-off of !2 on separate 7y and 11y scales and for a summary variable for neglect at either 7 and/or 11y. Abuse by a parent in childhood to 16y was reported in adulthood (45y) using a confidential self-complete questionnaire with direct computer data entry. Questions were derived from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project [15], originating from the Parental Bonding Instrument [16], the British National Survey of Health and Development [17], and the US National Comorbidity Survey [18] (Table 1 footnotes). We created three binary variables: physical, psychological (emotional) and sexual abuse.BMIHeight and weight were measured using standard protocols (e.g. light indoor clothing with shoes removed) at 7y, 11y, 16y, 33y and 45y, and self-reported at 23y and 50y [19]. Childhood measures were obtained during a physical examination by trained medical personnel conducted at the child’s school, whilst all adult data were collected by trained interviewers (at 23y, 33y and 50y) or nurses (at 45y) in the participant’s home. BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2) at each age. International BMI cut-offs were used to define obesity in childhood [20] and adulthood (STI-571 web details in Table 1).CovariatesCovariates were selected a-priori based on the literature. These included prospective parental reports (during interviews at ages indicated in Table footnotes) for parental characteristics (BMI), prenatal/infancy factors (birthweight, gestational age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, infant feeding) and childhood factors (socio-economic background, household crowding, amenities and tenure, ill-health, pubertal timing). During adulthood home-based interviews, participants reported their educational qualifications and at repeated ages 23?0y, their smoking, employment status, physical activity, ABT-737MedChemExpress ABT-737 alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms [21] (details in Table footnotes).PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119985 March 26,3 /Child Maltreatment and BMI TrajectoriesTable 1. Characteristics of the 1958 British birth cohort study. Males Childhood maltreatment Abuse Physical Psychological Sexual All Neglect score !2 at 7y and/or 11y* BMI (kg/m2) 7y 11y 16y 23y 33y 45y 50y Obese N ( ) 7y 11y 16y 23y 33y 45y 50y 7923 N 6873 6377 5563 6024 5408 4630 4180 N 6873 6377 5563 6.Scotland and Wales (n = 17,638) and a further 920 immigrants with the same birth week recruited to 16y [13]. Information was collected throughout child (7, 11,16y) and adulthood (23, 33, 45, 50y). At 45y, 11,971 individuals in contact with the study were invited to a home-based clinical assessment by a nurse; the 9,377 (78 ) respondents were broadly representative of the total surviving cohort [14]. The 45y survey included questions about childhood maltreatment for which participants gave written informed consent.Ethics statementEthical approval was given by the South-East Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (MREC ref: 01/1/44).Childhood maltreatmentNeglect was measured from information collected in childhood (7y and 11y) during a homebased interview with the parent, usually the mother, and from a structured questionnaire completed by the child’s teacher. Scales (range 0?) were derived by summing five items on the child’s physical appearance and parental involvement with the child at 7y and 11y (Table 1 footnotes). If one or two of five items were missing they were imputed (see below); if >2 items were missing, the score was missing. We created binary measures using a cut-off of !2 on separate 7y and 11y scales and for a summary variable for neglect at either 7 and/or 11y. Abuse by a parent in childhood to 16y was reported in adulthood (45y) using a confidential self-complete questionnaire with direct computer data entry. Questions were derived from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project [15], originating from the Parental Bonding Instrument [16], the British National Survey of Health and Development [17], and the US National Comorbidity Survey [18] (Table 1 footnotes). We created three binary variables: physical, psychological (emotional) and sexual abuse.BMIHeight and weight were measured using standard protocols (e.g. light indoor clothing with shoes removed) at 7y, 11y, 16y, 33y and 45y, and self-reported at 23y and 50y [19]. Childhood measures were obtained during a physical examination by trained medical personnel conducted at the child’s school, whilst all adult data were collected by trained interviewers (at 23y, 33y and 50y) or nurses (at 45y) in the participant’s home. BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2) at each age. International BMI cut-offs were used to define obesity in childhood [20] and adulthood (details in Table 1).CovariatesCovariates were selected a-priori based on the literature. These included prospective parental reports (during interviews at ages indicated in Table footnotes) for parental characteristics (BMI), prenatal/infancy factors (birthweight, gestational age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, infant feeding) and childhood factors (socio-economic background, household crowding, amenities and tenure, ill-health, pubertal timing). During adulthood home-based interviews, participants reported their educational qualifications and at repeated ages 23?0y, their smoking, employment status, physical activity, alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms [21] (details in Table footnotes).PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119985 March 26,3 /Child Maltreatment and BMI TrajectoriesTable 1. Characteristics of the 1958 British birth cohort study. Males Childhood maltreatment Abuse Physical Psychological Sexual All Neglect score !2 at 7y and/or 11y* BMI (kg/m2) 7y 11y 16y 23y 33y 45y 50y Obese N ( ) 7y 11y 16y 23y 33y 45y 50y 7923 N 6873 6377 5563 6024 5408 4630 4180 N 6873 6377 5563 6.
