Tury. A total of 92,977,768 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 1,991,289 deaths had been reported globally as much as January 14, 2021. COVID-19 also impacts people’s mental overall health and high quality of life. At present, there is no productive therapeutic tactic for the management of this disease. Hence, inside the absence of a specific vaccine or curative remedy, it truly is an urgent will need to recognize secure, productive and globally accessible drugs for decreasing COVID-19 morbidity and fatalities. In this review, we focus on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: a class of antidepressant drugs with widespread availability and an optimal tolerability profile) that may ULK2 Synonyms potentially be STAT3 Species repurposed for COVID-19 and are at present getting tested in clinical trials. We also summarize the current literature on what’s known concerning the link involving serotonin (5-HT) as well as the immune program. In the proof reviewed right here, we propose fluoxetine as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for COVID-19 primarily based on its identified immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. Fluoxetine could potentially lower proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines levels (like CCL-2, IL-6, and TNF-a) in COVID-19 patients. Additionally, fluoxetine may perhaps assist to attenuate neurological complications of COVID-19. 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Report history: Received 14 January 2021 Accepted 11 MarchKeywords: COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Drug repurposing Antidepressant drugs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Anti-inflammatory1. Introduction The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a systemic infection potentially targeting many organs and functions, is currently top to a worldwide pandemic. The mortality price of COVID-19 seems to become inside the selection of 3.four.five , which is significantly higher than that for seasonal flu brought on by the influenza virus (1 ) [1]. In the time of writing the short article (14 January 2021), humanity is struggling with the severe acute respiratoryAbbreviations: ACE-2, Angiotensin converting enzyme II; ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALI, Acute lung injury; APOE e4, Apolipoprotein E4; AUC, Region below the curve; Cmax, Maximum plasma concentration; COVID-2019, Coronavirus disease 2019; CS, Cytokine storm; CLpro, Chemotrypsin-like protease; CYP, Cytochrome P450; CV-B3, Coxsackievirus B3; CCR5, C-C chemokine receptor type five; DENV, Dengue virus; EV, Enteroviruses; EBOV, Ebola virus; 5-HT, 5Hydroxytryptamine; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; IL-1b, Interleukin-1beta; IFN-c, Interferon-gamma; NK, Organic Killer; NF-jB, Nuclear aspect kappa B; PK, Pharmacokinetic; PD, Pharmacodynamic; Panc-1, Pancreatic cells; PLpro, Papain-like protease; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; SERT, Serotonin reuptake transporter; S1R, Sigma-1 receptor; SSRIs, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SARS-CoV-2, Serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SS, Serotonin syndrome; TNF-a, Tumor necrosis factoralpha; TGF-b1, Transforming development element beta 1; VD, Volume of distribution. E-mail address: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.03.010 0967-5868/2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, which has currently infected greater than 90.9 million men and women and brought on more than 1.9 million deaths worldwide [2]. This rapid and unprecedented pandemic has brought on critical psychological complications, for instance anxiousness (panic attacks and post-traumatic pressure) and depression [3]. St.
