yristicin showed a low toxicity towards the cell lines [42]. In addition to the products mentioned, a study carried out tests on the antiproliferative activity of important oils obtained from flowering aerial components (containing 16.five of myristicin) and ripe fruits (containing 15.three of myristicin) on the Echinophora spinosa plant. Both oils tested have been toxic to U937 cells, but the fruit oil was much more cytotoxic. Even though PPARβ/δ MedChemExpress myristicin may have contributed towards the cytotoxicity of the oils, the distinction in between the results was attributed to other components [43]. Via these data, it is not achievable to conclusively establish the antiproliferative activity of myristicin. Though a few of the studies presented have shown that it is actually capable of inducing cellular AMPK Activator Gene ID mechanisms that bring about apoptosis (Figure 2), other articles have shown that it was not capable to cut down cell viability in some cell lines. Consequently, additional studies are necessary to prove its effectiveness, covering quite a few cell lines, and carrying out a lot more detailed studies to elucidate the mechanisms of action from the substance. Above all, it is important that further study is carried out with isolated or purified myristicin, to do away with interference from other compounds present in the analyzed plant extracts and necessary oils. two.five. Antimicrobial Activity The antimicrobial activity of myristicin has been broadly studied in the last decade, but you will discover nevertheless divergences with regards to its in vitro effects and mechanisms of action. Among the substances investigated, the essential oils of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), Heracleum transcaucasicum, Heracleum anisactis, Anethum graveolens (dill), Apium nodiflorum, Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Pycnocycla bashagardiana and Piper sarmentosum, all containing higher concentrations of myristicin, ranging involving 12 and 96 from the composition, are noteworthy. Moreover, crude extracts of Athamanta sicula and isolated myristicin with a higher degree of purity have been tested. The inhibition of growth promoted by theseMolecules 2021, 26,7 ofsubstances was evaluated by implies of disk diffusion assays, microdilution, determination on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and in silico assays. Distinct species of bacteria and fungi had been tested [8,22,35,442]. Some studies showed that the essential oils of Heracleum transcaucasicum and Heracleum anisactis (containing 96.87 and 95.15 of myristicin, respectively), the Athamanta sicula plant extract, also because the myristicin isolated from the plant, showed weak or absent activity against the species tested: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. In a study that tested the crucial oil of nutmeg with distinct concentrations of myristicin, it was identified that those with larger amounts (ranging from 26 to 38 ) had no inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and were slightly active against Cryptococcus neoformans [8,22,35,44]. Within a study carried out to evaluate the fungicidal activity on numerous species, crucial oils and Apium nodiflorum extracts containing 29 of myristicin have been tested. The results showed a variability of inhibition among all strains of fungi tested, getting in particular active against dermatophytes. Furthermore, for Cryptococcus neoformans, there was considerable activity. For As
