Deviation) for differentially methylated regions by quartile of maternal B vitamins (cobalamin [B12], pyridoxal phosphate [PLP], 4-pyridoxic acid [PA], and homocysteine [Hcy]).Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions The authors’ responsibilities were as follows: LEM, CH, and MAM formulated the research question; CH, SKM, and APM designed and conducted the research; CH and SKM provided the essential materials; LEM and EEM analyzed the data; LEM and EEM wrote the paper; CH, LEM, and MAM had primary responsibility for PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797473 the final content. All authors aided in data interpretation, reviewed draft manuscripts, and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We thank the participants of the NEST study project. We also acknowledge Stacy Murray, Kennetra Irby, Siobhan Greene, and Anna Tsent for their recruiting efforts and Carole Grenier, Erin Erginer, Cara Davis, and Allison Barratt for the technical assistance. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (Grant no. R01-ES016772) via Cathrine Hoyo and National Cancer Institute (R25CA057726) via Lauren McCullough. Funders had no role in the design, analysis, or writing of this T0901317 site article. Author details 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 2Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 3Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. 5Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. 6Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, CNR 3037, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Received: 5 November 2015 Accepted: 14 JanuaryReferences 1. Calkins K, Devaskar SU. Fetal origins of adult disease. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2011;41(6):158?6. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2011.01.001. 2. Barker DJ. Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006;49(2):270?3. 3. McCormack VA, dos Santos Silva I, Koupil I, Leon DA, Lithell HO. Birth characteristics and adult cancer incidence: Swedish cohort of over 11,000 men and women. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(4):611?. doi:10.1002/ijc.20915. 4. Barker DJ, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Harding JE, Owens JA, Robinson JS. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet. 1993; 341(8850):938?1. 5. Rush EC, Katre P, Yajnik CS. Vitamin B12: one carbon metabolism, fetal growth and programming for chronic disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(1):2?. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.232. 6. van Uitert EM, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Influence of maternal folate status on human fetal growth parameters. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013;57(4):582?5. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201200084. 7. Hogeveen M, Blom HJ, van der Heijden EH, Semmekrot BA, Sporken JM, Ueland PM et al. Maternal homocysteine and related B vitamins as risk factors for low birthweight. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2010;202(6):572.e1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.045. 8. Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Karat SC, Yajnik CS, Fall CH. Association between maternal folate concentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in Indian children. Diabetologia. 2014;57(1):110?1. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-3086-7. 9. Waterland RA, Jirtle RL. Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulat.
