Id not monitor the expression of aniA and norB, and therefore we cannot exclude that one or both genes may not have been induced under the conditions used in our experiments.ConclusionOur experiments clearly demonstrate that reduction of proton motive force triggers speed switching of type IV pilus retraction to the low speed mode. Reduction of ATP levels does not trigger speed switching. We therefore suggest that the low speed mode of the pilus motor is exclusively driven by ATPhydrolysis, whereas the high speed mode is caused by an additional coupling to the pH gradient/proton flux.Materials and MedChemExpress PTH 1-34 MethodsBacterial strains, growth conditions, and mediaN. gonorrrhoeae (Table 1) was grown overnight at 37 and 5 CO2 on agar plates containing gonococcal base agar (10 g/l BactoTM agar (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA, USA), 5 g/l NaCl (Roth, Darmstadt, Germany), 4 g/l K 2HPO4 (Roth), 1 g/l KH2PO4 (Roth), 15 g/l BactoTM Proteose Peptone No. 3 (BD), 0.5g/l soluble starch (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)) and the following supplements: 1g/l D-Glucose (Roth), 0.1 g/l Lglutamine (Roth), 0.289 g/l L-cysteine-HCL 20 (Roth), 1 mg/lGonococcal Speed Switching Correlates with PMFthiamine pyrophosphate (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.2 mg/l Fe(NO3)3 (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.03 mg/l thiamine HCl (Roth), 0.13 mg/l 4aminobenzoic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5mg/l -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (Roth) and 0.1 mg/l vitamin B12 (SigmaAldrich). Before each experiment gonococcal colonies were resuspended in retraction assay medium (RAM) consisting of phenol red-free Dulbecco’s Peptide M Modified Eagle Medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA), 4.5 g/l Glucose (GIBCO), 2 mM Lglutamine (Roth), 8 mM sodium pyruvate (GIBCO), 5 mM ascorbic acid (Roth) and 30 mM HEPES (Roth). RAM had a final pH of 6.8. To adjust pH, RAM was titrated with HCl or sodium hydroxide. To generate anaerobic conditions, an oxygen scavenger system based on 2.5 mM protocatechuic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 50 nM protecatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the media (Aitken, 2008) For M. xanthus wild type DK1622 [47] was used. Cells were grown in liquid medium or on 1.5 agar containing 1 CTT as described [48]. For experiments bacteria were grown to an optical density at 600nm of 0.3 at 32 and 230 rpm and then directly transferred either to an oxygen sensor for twitching assays [20] or to a polystyrene coated glass slide for pilus retraction assays.solutions (1 mM in DMSO) were stored at -20 . Cells were loaded with 5 cFDA-SE for 10 min in loading buffer (pH 8.0) containing 1x PBS (Roth), 30 mM HEPES (Roth) and 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.4, Roth). After uptake, cFDA-SE is hydrolysed by cellular esterases to 5(6)-carboxyfluorecein succinimidyl ester (cFSE) and subsequently conjugated to aliphatic amine functions [49]. A detailed protocol of the calibration can be found in Methods S1 in File S1. Unbound cFDA-SE was flushed out by washing with RAM. Transmembrane potential of N. gonorrhoeae was measured by 0.1 tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM, Sigma-Aldrich) [50]. Stock solutions (100 in DMSO) were stored at 4 . Cells were pre-treated with 10 mM EDTA (pH 7.4, Roth) for 10 min before loading to increase membrane permeability for TMRM. A detailed protocol of the calibration can be found in Methods S1 in File S1.Fluorescence microscopyFluorescence measurements were conducted in epifluorescence mode at an inverted microscope (Eclipse TE2000, Nikon) equipped with a 120 W metal halogenide fluorescence lamp.Id not monitor the expression of aniA and norB, and therefore we cannot exclude that one or both genes may not have been induced under the conditions used in our experiments.ConclusionOur experiments clearly demonstrate that reduction of proton motive force triggers speed switching of type IV pilus retraction to the low speed mode. Reduction of ATP levels does not trigger speed switching. We therefore suggest that the low speed mode of the pilus motor is exclusively driven by ATPhydrolysis, whereas the high speed mode is caused by an additional coupling to the pH gradient/proton flux.Materials and MethodsBacterial strains, growth conditions, and mediaN. gonorrrhoeae (Table 1) was grown overnight at 37 and 5 CO2 on agar plates containing gonococcal base agar (10 g/l BactoTM agar (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA, USA), 5 g/l NaCl (Roth, Darmstadt, Germany), 4 g/l K 2HPO4 (Roth), 1 g/l KH2PO4 (Roth), 15 g/l BactoTM Proteose Peptone No. 3 (BD), 0.5g/l soluble starch (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)) and the following supplements: 1g/l D-Glucose (Roth), 0.1 g/l Lglutamine (Roth), 0.289 g/l L-cysteine-HCL 20 (Roth), 1 mg/lGonococcal Speed Switching Correlates with PMFthiamine pyrophosphate (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.2 mg/l Fe(NO3)3 (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.03 mg/l thiamine HCl (Roth), 0.13 mg/l 4aminobenzoic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5mg/l -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (Roth) and 0.1 mg/l vitamin B12 (SigmaAldrich). Before each experiment gonococcal colonies were resuspended in retraction assay medium (RAM) consisting of phenol red-free Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA), 4.5 g/l Glucose (GIBCO), 2 mM Lglutamine (Roth), 8 mM sodium pyruvate (GIBCO), 5 mM ascorbic acid (Roth) and 30 mM HEPES (Roth). RAM had a final pH of 6.8. To adjust pH, RAM was titrated with HCl or sodium hydroxide. To generate anaerobic conditions, an oxygen scavenger system based on 2.5 mM protocatechuic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 50 nM protecatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the media (Aitken, 2008) For M. xanthus wild type DK1622 [47] was used. Cells were grown in liquid medium or on 1.5 agar containing 1 CTT as described [48]. For experiments bacteria were grown to an optical density at 600nm of 0.3 at 32 and 230 rpm and then directly transferred either to an oxygen sensor for twitching assays [20] or to a polystyrene coated glass slide for pilus retraction assays.solutions (1 mM in DMSO) were stored at -20 . Cells were loaded with 5 cFDA-SE for 10 min in loading buffer (pH 8.0) containing 1x PBS (Roth), 30 mM HEPES (Roth) and 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.4, Roth). After uptake, cFDA-SE is hydrolysed by cellular esterases to 5(6)-carboxyfluorecein succinimidyl ester (cFSE) and subsequently conjugated to aliphatic amine functions [49]. A detailed protocol of the calibration can be found in Methods S1 in File S1. Unbound cFDA-SE was flushed out by washing with RAM. Transmembrane potential of N. gonorrhoeae was measured by 0.1 tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM, Sigma-Aldrich) [50]. Stock solutions (100 in DMSO) were stored at 4 . Cells were pre-treated with 10 mM EDTA (pH 7.4, Roth) for 10 min before loading to increase membrane permeability for TMRM. A detailed protocol of the calibration can be found in Methods S1 in File S1.Fluorescence microscopyFluorescence measurements were conducted in epifluorescence mode at an inverted microscope (Eclipse TE2000, Nikon) equipped with a 120 W metal halogenide fluorescence lamp.
