T enhanced with the addition of cornstarch and dextran, respectively. In a evaluation, Jayakumar et al. discussed the chemical modification of chitin and chitosan with sulfate to produce new bifunctional supplies [91]. As the modification wouldn’t change the basic skeleton of chitin and chitosan, it would hold the original physicochemical and biochemical properties, and lastly would bring new or improved properties. The sulfated chitin and chitosan possess a variety of applications, including adsorbing metal ions, in drug-delivery systems, blood compatibility and inside the antibacterial field. Related studies around the characterization of physical and biological properties of chitosan preparations were also reported by Altiok et al. [17], Kim et al. [63], Sung et al. [66], Keong et al. [92], Lu et al. [93] and Meng et al. [94].NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNewest developments concerning chitosanIn current years, new types of chemically modified chitosan have already been created in order to boost the properties of chitosan for numerous biological activities, and these substances have gained growing consideration. Representative members of these novel polymers incorporate ammonium chitosans, carboxymethyl chitosan and derivatives. Ammonium chitosan 1 element that limits the application of native chitosan is its non-solubility in neutral and alkaline aqueous options. As a result, chitosan derivatives containing quaternary ammonium salts, for example N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, N-propyl-N,N-dimethyl chitosan and Nfurfuryl-N,N-dimethyl chitosan have been investigated for enhanced solubility in water and subsequently enhanced biological activities. Studies have shown that all quaternary ammonium chitosan derivatives had been very water-soluble at acidic, basic and neutral pH [9500]. Compared with native chitosan, ammonium chitosan demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial properties [95,98,99] and drug-delivery skills [96]. Carboxymethyl chitosan Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is a further modification of chitosan formed by attaching carboxymethyl groups towards the chitosan backbone. Based on the place of your carboxymethyl group attachment, CMC might be known as `N’ when the carboxymehthyl group attaches to the amine, `O’ when it attaches to the primary hydroxyl group or N,O,carboxymethyl chitosan when attached to each [101]. CMC has the benefit of a greaterExpert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2012 May well 1.Dai et al.Pagesolubility variety than native chitosan. CMC has now been extensively studied for its activities for drug delivery [102,103], hemostasis [104], antimicrobial action [10507] and also the stimulation of wound healing [41].NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptExpert commentaryThe principal targets of wound care and management are prevention of infection, CD40 Activator Compound maintenance of a moist environment, protection in the wound and achievement of speedy and comprehensive healing together with the minimum scar formation. Chitosan, as a cationic organic polymer, has been CysLT2 Antagonist custom synthesis widely employed as a topical dressing in wound management owing to its hemostatic, stimulation of healing, antimicrobial, nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable properties. In this review, we covered the antimicrobial and wound-healing effects of chitosan preparations for wounds and burns. With respect towards the antimicrobial effects, in-vitro research have shown that chitosan as well as its derivatives and complexes are act.
