Enrollment. Twenty declined to participate and 8 did not meet the eligibility criteria. Two hundred participants were randomized to either the SMS intervention arm (n = 101) or the control arm (n = 99). One participant in the intervention arm withdrew due to loss of privacy. Initial retention in the trial for both arms at 6 MK8931 months was 42 (participants who came for scheduled clinic visits), but increased to 82 (after a phone call inviting them to come for a final interview). Participants were followed up from December 2010 to May 2011, when the intervention was stopped. During this period, we received 99 phone calls and 55 text messages (154 responses) from 48 participants in the intervention arm. The content of these responses is the subject of another manuscript. Figure 1 
displays the flow of participants in the study. Data for all 200 participants were analyzed. After randomization, both groups were similar in baseline characteristics (table 1).BlindingTrained interviewers ?blinded to group allocation ?collected data using a pre-tested data collection form containing sociodemographic data, clinical information and adherence rates at baseline, 3 and 6 months. From the point of enrollment, patients were identified only by their phone numbers and their sequential trial numbers. The interviewers transmitted the phone numbers of the enrollees to the research staff. The research staff responsible for allocation had access to the allocation codes and the phone numbers of participants. The program secretary responsible for sending the text messages received the allocations (SMS or No SMS) and corresponding phone numbers weekly. The data analyst was also blinded to group allocation. Only the participants were aware of their allocation.Outcomes and estimationAt 6 months, we found no effect on the number of participants achieving .95 adherence by VAS (RR 1.06, 95 CI 0.89, 1.29; p = 0.542) or reporting missed doses (RR 1.01, 95 CI 0.87, 1.16; p.0.999). The mean number of pharmacy refills was also not 80-49-9 different between groups (mean difference [MD] 0.1 95 CI 20.23, 0.43; p = 0.617). However, on sensitivity analysis, more participants in the SMS group achieved adherence of .90 at 6 months (RR 1.14 95 CI 1.01, 1.29; p = 0.027). The details for the other secondary outcomes at 6 months are reported in table 2. At 3 months, fewer participants in the SMS group had an adherence rate of .95 (RR 0.77, 95 CI 0.63, 0.94; p = 0.029) or .90 (RR 0.61 95 CI 0.32, 1.14; p = 0.094); equal numbers reported missed doses (RR = 0.97, 95 CI 0.85, 1.10; 1516647 p = 0.622), and the mean number of pharmacy refills was not significantly different (MD 0.10, 95 CI 20.03, 0.23; p = 0.139). The other secondary outcomes at 3 months are reported in table 3.Statistical methodsWe adopted the intention-to-treat principle to analyze all outcomes, meaning that data from participants was analyzed according to the group to which they were randomized irrespective of whether they actually received the intervention. We also used multiple imputation techniques to handle missing data [22]. Variables for which there was too much missing data to perform imputation were excluded from the analysis but are reported (CD4-T-lymphocyte cell count and viral load). All outcome variables had some degree of missing data ranging from 0 to 35 . Multiple imputation was used to create a new data set which was the average of five data sets of imputed values. This final data set was used for all analyse.Enrollment. Twenty declined to participate and 8 did not meet the eligibility criteria. Two hundred participants were randomized to either the SMS intervention arm (n = 101) or the control arm (n = 99). One participant in the intervention arm withdrew due to loss of privacy. Initial retention in the trial for both arms at 6 months was 42 (participants who came for scheduled clinic visits), but increased to 82 (after a phone call inviting them to come for a final interview). Participants were followed up from December 2010 to May 2011, when the intervention was stopped. During this period, we received 99 phone calls and 55 text messages (154 responses) from 48 participants in the intervention arm. The content of these responses is the subject of another manuscript. Figure 1 displays the flow of participants in the study. Data for all 200 participants were analyzed. After randomization, both groups were similar in baseline characteristics (table 1).BlindingTrained interviewers ?blinded to group allocation ?collected data using a pre-tested data collection form containing sociodemographic data, clinical information 
and adherence rates at baseline, 3 and 6 months. From the point of enrollment, patients were identified only by their phone numbers and their sequential trial numbers. The interviewers transmitted the phone numbers of the enrollees to the research staff. The research staff responsible for allocation had access to the allocation codes and the phone numbers of participants. The program secretary responsible for sending the text messages received the allocations (SMS or No SMS) and corresponding phone numbers weekly. The data analyst was also blinded to group allocation. Only the participants were aware of their allocation.Outcomes and estimationAt 6 months, we found no effect on the number of participants achieving .95 adherence by VAS (RR 1.06, 95 CI 0.89, 1.29; p = 0.542) or reporting missed doses (RR 1.01, 95 CI 0.87, 1.16; p.0.999). The mean number of pharmacy refills was also not different between groups (mean difference [MD] 0.1 95 CI 20.23, 0.43; p = 0.617). However, on sensitivity analysis, more participants in the SMS group achieved adherence of .90 at 6 months (RR 1.14 95 CI 1.01, 1.29; p = 0.027). The details for the other secondary outcomes at 6 months are reported in table 2. At 3 months, fewer participants in the SMS group had an adherence rate of .95 (RR 0.77, 95 CI 0.63, 0.94; p = 0.029) or .90 (RR 0.61 95 CI 0.32, 1.14; p = 0.094); equal numbers reported missed doses (RR = 0.97, 95 CI 0.85, 1.10; 1516647 p = 0.622), and the mean number of pharmacy refills was not significantly different (MD 0.10, 95 CI 20.03, 0.23; p = 0.139). The other secondary outcomes at 3 months are reported in table 3.Statistical methodsWe adopted the intention-to-treat principle to analyze all outcomes, meaning that data from participants was analyzed according to the group to which they were randomized irrespective of whether they actually received the intervention. We also used multiple imputation techniques to handle missing data [22]. Variables for which there was too much missing data to perform imputation were excluded from the analysis but are reported (CD4-T-lymphocyte cell count and viral load). All outcome variables had some degree of missing data ranging from 0 to 35 . Multiple imputation was used to create a new data set which was the average of five data sets of imputed values. This final data set was used for all analyse.
