Sciences and Sophisticated Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (B.L.S.); [email protected] (C.M.G.); [email protected] (R.V.G.); [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (L.A.) Department of Laboratory Medicine, AOUP “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy Correspondence: [email protected]: Bivona, G.; Lo Sasso, B.; Gambino, C.M.; Giglio, R.V.; Scazzone, C.; Agnello, L.; Ciaccio, M. The Role of Vitamin D as a TIP60 manufacturer biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 334. https://doi.org/ ten.3390/brainsci11030334 Academic Editor: Chiara Villa Received: 15 February 2021 Accepted: two March 2021 Published: six MarchAbstract: Vitamin D and TLR4 Storage & Stability cognition is usually a common association, which led to a exceptional body of literature data previously 50 years. The brain can synthesize, catabolize, and acquire Vitamin D, which has been proved to regulate numerous cellular processes in neurons and microglia. Vitamin D helps synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in dopaminergic neural circuits and exerts antiinflammatory and neuroprotective activities inside the brain by minimizing the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the oxidative anxiety load. Additional, Vitamin D action inside the brain has been connected to the clearance of amyloid plaques, which represent a feature of Alzheimer Illness (AD), by the immune cell. Primarily based on these considerations, lots of research have investigated the function of circulating Vitamin D levels in individuals affected by a cognitive decline to assess Vitamin D’s eventual function as a biomarker or possibly a threat aspect in AD. An association between low Vitamin D levels and also the onset and progression of AD has been reported, and some interventional studies to evaluate the role of Vitamin D in preventing AD onset have already been performed. However, a lot of pitfalls impacted the research available, including substantial discrepancies in the methods utilised plus the lack of standardized information. Regardless of many studies, it remains unclear no matter whether Vitamin D can have a role in cognitive decline and AD. This narrative assessment aims to answer two crucial questions: whether or not Vitamin D can be applied as a dependable tool for diagnosing, predicting prognosis and response to remedy in AD sufferers, and whether or not it is actually a modifiable risk issue for preventing AD onset. Keywords and phrases: Alzheimer’s Disease; Vitamin D; 25(OH)D levels; biomarker; Vitamin D deficiency1. Introduction If 1 searches for the keywords “Vitamin D” and “Cognition” in Pubmed.com, a single finds over 1000 articles which have been published with no break in continuity for the past 50 years. The concept of a attainable hyperlink amongst Vitamin D metabolism and brain function has been successfully proposed and after that proved by a exceptional physique of information. When assessing the Vitamin D circulating levels in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients, an association has but been identified. Nevertheless, the try to work with Vitamin D as a biomarker of cognitive decline systematically failed and, additionally, Vitamin D supplementation in these sufferers yielded controversial outcomes. A lot of causes can clarify this debacle. 1st, the studies assessing Vitamin D levels and its serum biomarker 25(OH)D in AD patients have some limitations (distinct assay solutions; heterogeneity of Vitamin D cut-offs; discrepancies among the measures utilized to define the cognitive function), which sharply limit the robustness of findings achieved. Second, discr.
