evels (n 7/diet), (F) adipose tissue distribution (n 73/ diet), (G) plasma estradiol (n 5/diet), (H) tumor necrosis issue (TNF) (n 7/diet) and (I) C-reactive protein (CRP) (n 102/diet) levels following 24 weeks of low-fat (Manage), saturated (Palm) or DNA Methyltransferase list monounsaturated (Olive) high-fat feeding. (J, K) Oral glucose FGFR1 Source tolerance test in four h fasted mice getting 2 mg/kg of dextrose (n 60/diet). (L, M) Insulin tolerance test in four h fasted mice injected with insulin (n 60/diet). Information presented as mean SEM. One-way (A-I, K, M) and twoway (J, L) ANOVA, Bonferonni post hoc; p 0.05, p 0.01, p 0.005.larger than controls in the 15 and 30 min time points by both Palm (15 min t(100) five.34, p 0.0001; 30 min t(100) two.819, p 0.0894) and Olive (15 min t(one hundred) 6.678, p 0.0001; t(100) three.641, p 0.0065) HFDs (Fig. 1J). Analysis in the area below the curve revealed a eating plan effect (F(two, 18) 9.126, p 0.0018) with values specifically enhanced by the Olive situation (t(18) 4.220, p 0.0015) relative to controls (Fig. 1K). This impairment was not linked to any effect of the interaction in between diet program and time on blood glucose values (F(8, 76) 1.306, p 0.2534) or diet program on location under the curve (F(2, 19) 1.001, p 0.3862) within the ITT (Fig. 1L and M).three.two. Saturated, but not monounsaturated, high-fat feeding provokes anxiodepressive-like behaviors We then sought to assess the consequences of high-fat feeding on anxiodepressive-like behaviors. Time spent inside the open arms in the EPM was influenced by diet program (H(2, 46) 11.73, p 0.0028) with Palm HFD mice showing a reduction relative to each the Handle (z(46) two.478, p 0.0396) and Olive (z(46) 3.283, p 0.0031) groups (Fig. 2A). Diet condition had no impact on locomotor activity as total distance travelled did not differ across groups (F(two, 46) 0.2765, p 0.7597) (Fig. 2B). Similarly, a diet effect was observed for immobility time inside the FST (F(two,L. Dcarie-Spain et al. eBrain, Behavior, Immunity – Well being 16 (2021)Fig. 2. Saturated, but not monounsaturated, high-fat feeding promotes anxiodepressive-like behaviors. (A) Time spent in the open arms and (B) total distance travelled inside the elevated-plus maze (n 148/diet). (C) Time spent immobile and (D) swim velocity in the course of the initial two min on the forced swim test (n 101/diet). Data presented as imply SEM. One-way ANOVA, Bonferonni post hoc; p 0.05, p 0.01.3.462, p 0.0444) with increased immobility time in the Palm group relative to controls (t(30) 2.587, p 0.0443) (Fig. 2C). This was not attributable to locomotion as average swim velocity was not influenced by diet (F(2, 29) 0.05203, p 0.9494) (Fig. 2D).30)three.three. Saturated and monounsaturated differentially influence the expression of nucleus accumbens genes affecting estrogen signaling Our subsequent step was to ascertain if anxiodepressive-like behaviors elicited by the palm HFD have been related with markers of inflammation and estrogen signaling in NAc microdissections (Fig. 3A). We measured gene expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1), markers of astrocytes and microglia respectively, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (Ifng), big histocompatibility complex-1 (Mhc-i) and 2 (Mhc-ii) involved in antigen response, the myeloid cell marker Cd45 plus the monocyte marker Cd11b. While diet plan condition had no impact on Cyclo (reference gene) (F(two, 21) 0.3375, p 0.7173), Gfap (F(2, 21) 0.3056,p 0.7399), Iba1 (F(2, 21) 0.9032, p 0.4204), Mhc-i (F(two, 20) 1.417, p 0.2659
