Ain characteristics of these learning theories and how they can inform MARE design. The reasons we chose these three learning theories are as follows:1.Zhu et al These three learning theories provide different views of learning and enhance different characteristics of learning environments, which AR could provide. In addition, the learning activities suggested by these theories could be applied in MARE. Each learning theory can inform decisions for the learning environment, activities, and how to apply AR. Learning environments that encompass the physical, social, and psychological context of learning are of significant importance and require the attention of medical and other health sciences educators when they teach or design a course [44]. The medical learning environment could be in medical school, an academic health center, or a clinical environment. Different learning settings are supported by different types of learning environments.2.3.From the view of social practice, situated learning theory provides a holistic perspective on the interpretation of learning by exploring the situated characteristics of the learners, environment, and practice [39]. Experiential learning theory emphasizes the dynamic state between the learner and the environment [40]. This theory differs from situated learning theory by focusing more on the experiences of an individual learner to create knowledge. Transformative learning focuses on discovering evidence that education facilitates changes in the learner’s frames of reference or schema by which the learner identifies his or her life world [41].Table 5. Comparison of situated learning, experiential learning, and transformative learning.a Characteristics Learning assumption Learning perspective Definition Situated learning A dimension of social practice Experiential learning A holistic process of adapting to the world Transformative learning Critically aware of the personal paradigm Implicates transformation in Sinensetin site meaning perspective that encompasses cognitive, conative, and affective components Learning is changing problematic frames of reference, which comprise habits of mind, points of views, and mind-setsConcerns the whole person acting in the world Combines experience, perception, cognition, and behavior Learning is participation in communities of Learning is the processing of transforpractice, which produces knowledgeable iden- mative experiences, which includes tities and the community itself concrete experience and abstract conceptualizationEnvironmental conditionsReal-life situation where the learning occurred Create learning environments for feel- Safe environment, authentic settings ing and thinking, reflecting, and actingLearning activities Sustained participation via observation, collab- Reflective observation and active exper- Critical Cyclosporin A web reflection and dialectical disoration, and communication imentation course to validate beliefs, intentions, values, and feelings Implications for MAREb Thinking holistically about learning activities, Design virtual learning environment real practical tasks, real environments, and for feeling, thinking, watching, and MARE functions doing Understanding and using the social situation, especially the real-life environment Design activities to sustain participation with MARE (or ARc)aDesign the learning activities to reflect upon and change problematic frames of referenceUtilize Kolb’s spiral model from concrete experience or knowledge to action [40]The table cont.Ain characteristics of these learning theories and how they can inform MARE design. The reasons we chose these three learning theories are as follows:1.Zhu et al These three learning theories provide different views of learning and enhance different characteristics of learning environments, which AR could provide. In addition, the learning activities suggested by these theories could be applied in MARE. Each learning theory can inform decisions for the learning environment, activities, and how to apply AR. Learning environments that encompass the physical, social, and psychological context of learning are of significant importance and require the attention of medical and other health sciences educators when they teach or design a course [44]. The medical learning environment could be in medical school, an academic health center, or a clinical environment. Different learning settings are supported by different types of learning environments.2.3.From the view of social practice, situated learning theory provides a holistic perspective on the interpretation of learning by exploring the situated characteristics of the learners, environment, and practice [39]. Experiential learning theory emphasizes the dynamic state between the learner and the environment [40]. This theory differs from situated learning theory by focusing more on the experiences of an individual learner to create knowledge. Transformative learning focuses on discovering evidence that education facilitates changes in the learner’s frames of reference or schema by which the learner identifies his or her life world [41].Table 5. Comparison of situated learning, experiential learning, and transformative learning.a Characteristics Learning assumption Learning perspective Definition Situated learning A dimension of social practice Experiential learning A holistic process of adapting to the world Transformative learning Critically aware of the personal paradigm Implicates transformation in meaning perspective that encompasses cognitive, conative, and affective components Learning is changing problematic frames of reference, which comprise habits of mind, points of views, and mind-setsConcerns the whole person acting in the world Combines experience, perception, cognition, and behavior Learning is participation in communities of Learning is the processing of transforpractice, which produces knowledgeable iden- mative experiences, which includes tities and the community itself concrete experience and abstract conceptualizationEnvironmental conditionsReal-life situation where the learning occurred Create learning environments for feel- Safe environment, authentic settings ing and thinking, reflecting, and actingLearning activities Sustained participation via observation, collab- Reflective observation and active exper- Critical reflection and dialectical disoration, and communication imentation course to validate beliefs, intentions, values, and feelings Implications for MAREb Thinking holistically about learning activities, Design virtual learning environment real practical tasks, real environments, and for feeling, thinking, watching, and MARE functions doing Understanding and using the social situation, especially the real-life environment Design activities to sustain participation with MARE (or ARc)aDesign the learning activities to reflect upon and change problematic frames of referenceUtilize Kolb’s spiral model from concrete experience or knowledge to action [40]The table cont.
